Paints

Paints are formulations used to color, protect, and decorate surfaces. A typical paint contains four principal components: a pigment for color and opacity, a binder that forms a cohesive film, a vehicle or solvent that adjusts viscosity for application, and additives that modify properties such as drying time, texture, and durability.

Pigments determine color and hiding power; fillers can adjust texture and economy. Binders such as acrylic polymers, alkyd resins, epoxy, or polyurethane bind the pigment to the substrate by forming a continuous film as the vehicle dries. The vehicle may be water (in water‑based paints) or organic solvents (in oil‑ or solvent‑based paints). Finishes range from matte to high gloss and affect perceived color, texture, and cleanability.

Common paint families include water‑based acrylics, latex paints, oil‑based alkyds, enamels, epoxy coatings, and polyurethane coatings, each suited to different substrates and environments. Paints also vary in durability, UV resistance, odor, and environmental impact, with modern formulations often emphasizing low VOC content and easy cleanup.

Application methods include brush, roller, spray, and dipping, with drying typically driven by solvent evaporation and film formation. Some systems cure over time, gaining additional hardness. Safety considerations include flammability of solvents, VOC emissions, and proper ventilation; users should follow the product’s safety data sheet and local disposal regulations.

Historically, paints have used natural pigments and binders such as lime, casein, or oils; the advent of synthetic resins in the 20th century expanded performance and application methods, giving rise to the broad range of contemporary paints available.