PSCs
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are cells capable of indefinite self-renewal and differentiation into cell types from the three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. In vivo they typically do not form placental or other extraembryonic tissues, a property that distinguishes them from totipotent cells.
The main classes of PSCs are embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). ESCs
PSCs are used in basic biology to study development and gene function, and in applied research for
Clinical translation faces several challenges, including the risk of tumor formation if undifferentiated cells are transplanted,
Notable milestones include the isolation of the first human ESC line in 1998 and the development of