Orma

Orma refers to an ethnic group and their language in East Africa. The Orma are primarily located in southeastern Kenya, especially along the Tana River, with smaller communities reported in neighboring regions of Somalia and across the border in Tanzania. They are a Cushitic-speaking pastoralist people closely related to other Horn of Africa groups such as the Somali.

Language and communication: The Orma language is a Cushitic language within the Afroasiatic family. It belongs to the Lowland East Cushitic branch and is closely related to Somali and Rendille. Most Orma are bilingual, using Swahili and Somali in addition to their own language, and there are ongoing efforts to develop literacy materials in Orma.

Culture and society: Traditionally, the Orma practice a semi-nomadic pastoralist lifestyle, with cattle and other livestock forming a central part of livelihood and social status. Social organization centers on clans and lineages, with age-sets and customary ceremonial practices playing historical roles in governance and social life. Islam is the predominant religion, though local customs and practices influence daily life.

Economy and livelihoods: Pastoralism remains the mainstay of the Orma economy, focusing on cattle, goats, and camels. In response to drought, land-use change, and economic pressures, many Orma have diversified into crop farming, wage labor, and trade, while still maintaining livestock herding as a core activity.

Contemporary issues: Key concerns include resource management, drought resilience, land rights, education, and healthcare access. Cross-border mobility and regional development programs affect settlement patterns and livelihoods, and Orma communities engage with national governments and international organizations on pastoralist policy and humanitarian aid.