Organizma

Organizma, or organism, is a living system capable of carrying out the essential life processes of metabolism, growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli. Organisms can be unicellular, consisting of a single cell, or multicellular, composed of many differentiated cells that form tissues and organs. They maintain internal order through homeostasis and rely on energy and nutrients obtained from their environment. Their genetic material guides development, function, and reproduction, and offspring inherit genetic information from their parents.

Organisms are largely cellular. Prokaryotes lack a defined nucleus, while eukaryotes have a nucleus and internal membranes. Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions that transform energy and matter to support growth, repair, and maintenance. Homeostasis maintains stable internal conditions despite environmental changes.

Organisms are grouped into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Within Eukarya, traditional kingdoms include animals, plants, fungi, and various protists, though modern classifications favor phylogenetic relationships based on genetic data. Some organisms, such as certain algae or bacteria, form colonies that function collectively while remaining genetically distinct individuals.

Organisms reproduce sexually, asexually, or through combinations, passing genes to offspring. Development follows genetic instructions and is influenced by environmental factors. Genetic variation arises through mutation and recombination, providing material for evolution.

Organisms interact with other living beings and their environment, forming ecosystems. They rely on energy from the sun or chemical sources and participate in nutrient cycles. Through evolution by natural selection, populations adapt to changing conditions, contributing to Earth's biodiversity.