Opvõimendite

Opvõimendite, often referred to as operational amplifiers or op-amps, are fundamental building blocks in analog electronic circuits. They are a high-gain, direct-coupled, differential voltage amplifier with a single-ended output. The name "operational amplifier" derives from their original purpose of performing mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, integration, and differentiation when combined with external feedback components.

A typical op-amp has two inputs, an inverting input (marked with a minus sign) and a non-inverting input (marked with a plus sign), and one output. The output voltage is ideally proportional to the difference between the voltages at the two inputs, multiplied by a very large open-loop gain. In practical circuits, op-amps are almost always used with negative feedback, which greatly reduces the overall gain and improves linearity and stability. This feedback mechanism allows op-amps to perform a wide range of functions with predictable performance. Key characteristics of an ideal op-amp include infinite open-loop gain, infinite input impedance, zero output impedance, infinite bandwidth, and zero voltage offset. Real op-amps approximate these ideal characteristics to varying degrees.