Operatsioonvõimendeid

Operatsioonvõimendeid, or operational amplifiers, are electronic devices used to amplify, filter, and process analog signals. They are fundamental building blocks in many electronic circuits, known for their high gain, high input impedance, and low output impedance. The symbol for an operational amplifier typically features a triangle with two inputs and one output. The inverting input is denoted by a minus sign, and the non-inverting input by a plus sign.

An ideal operational amplifier has infinite gain, infinite input impedance, and zero output impedance. In reality, these values are very high and very low, respectively, allowing them to approximate ideal behavior in many applications. The output voltage of an operational amplifier is proportional to the difference between its two input voltages, multiplied by the amplifier's open-loop gain.

Operational amplifiers are powered by two voltage sources, a positive and a negative supply, which allow the output voltage to swing in both positive and negative directions. The configuration of external components connected to the operational amplifier determines its function. For instance, connecting a resistor between the output and the inverting input creates negative feedback, which stabilizes the gain and makes it predictable.

Common applications of operational amplifiers include amplifiers with specific gains, voltage followers (buffers), integrators, differentiators, and active filters. Their versatility and ability to perform a wide range of signal processing tasks make them indispensable in areas such as audio equipment, instrumentation, control systems, and communication devices.