Olibanum

Olibanum, also known as frankincense, is an aromatic resin obtained from trees of the genus Boswellia. These trees are native to the Arabian Peninsula and the Horn of Africa. The resin is harvested by making incisions in the bark of the tree, from which a milky sap then exudes. This sap is allowed to harden and dry, forming small, irregular lumps or "tears."

Historically, olibanum has been highly valued for its fragrance and medicinal properties. It was a significant commodity in ancient trade routes, particularly along the Incense Route. Its use spans religious ceremonies, perfumery, and traditional medicine across various cultures and religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

The primary chemical constituents of olibanum include volatile oils and resin acids. The characteristic aroma is often described as balsamic, woody, and slightly citrusy. Different species of Boswellia yield resins with slightly varying compositions and scents, leading to variations in the quality and price of olibanum. It is commonly burned as incense, with the smoke believed to have purifying or spiritual properties. In traditional medicine, it has been used for a range of ailments, though scientific validation varies.