Nürnberg

Nürnberg (Nuremberg in English) is Germany's second-largest city in Bavaria and the administrative region of Middle Franconia. It lies in southern Germany on the Pegnitz River and serves as a major transport, economic, and cultural hub. The historic old town preserves walls, towers, and landmarks from medieval times, while the surrounding area blends industry and modern developments.

Founded in the 11th century, Nürnberg grew as a Free Imperial City within the Holy Roman Empire and became a pivotal trade center and meeting place for merchants and craftspeople. Its Imperial Castle (Kaiserburg) and churches such as St. Sebaldus are notable historical sites. In the 20th century, the city was associated with the Nazi era, including the Nuremberg rallies and the Nuremberg Laws. After World War II, the city hosted the Nuremberg Trials at the Palace of Justice, a defining moment in international law. Much of the medieval core was rebuilt in the postwar period.

Today Nürnberg is a major economic and cultural center with strengths in engineering, electronics, and publishing. It hosts the world’s largest toy fair, the Nürnbergmesse, and the renowned Christkindlesmarkt, a historic Christmas market. The city is linked with notable figures such as artist Albrecht Dürer and institutions like the Germanisches Nationalmuseum. Local cuisine features specialties such as Nürnberger Rostbratwurst and Lebkuchen, the city’s famous gingerbread. Nürnberg remains an important rail and road hub, served by Nürnberg Hauptbahnhof, major Autobahnen, and Nürnberg Airport.