Néoconfucianisme

Néoconfucianisme refers to a revival and reinterpretation of Confucian thought that emerged in China during the Song Dynasty (960–1279 CE) and later influenced East Asian philosophy, politics, and culture. Unlike traditional Confucianism, which focused primarily on moral conduct and social harmony, néoconfucianism integrated elements of Daoist philosophy, Buddhist metaphysics, and logical reasoning to develop a more systematic and intellectual framework.

Key figures in the movement included Zhu Xi (1130–1200), whose teachings became the dominant form of Confucianism in imperial China. Zhu Xi synthesized earlier Confucian texts with Neo-Platonism and Buddhist concepts, emphasizing the study of the *Li* (principles or patterns) and *Qi* (vital energy) as fundamental to understanding the universe and human morality. His interpretations of the *Analects*, *Mencius*, and other classical texts formed the basis of the *Four Books*, a core curriculum in imperial examinations.

Néoconfucianism stressed the importance of rational inquiry, self-cultivation, and the cultivation of moral character through the study of Confucian classics. It also introduced hierarchical social structures, where filial piety, loyalty, and proper conduct were central to maintaining order. The system became the official ideology of the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1912) dynasties, shaping education, governance, and social values in East Asia.

Beyond China, néoconfucianism spread to Korea (as *Juyŏng*), Japan (as *Kōtōkyō*), and Vietnam, adapting to local contexts while retaining its core principles. In modern times, néoconfucianism has been revisited as a philosophical and ethical tradition, influencing contemporary discussions on morality, governance, and cultural identity in East Asia. Its legacy endures as a bridge between ancient wisdom and contemporary thought.