Nutriments

Nutriments, or nutrients, are substances that organisms must obtain from the diet to sustain life, growth, and health. In nutrition science, a nutriment is any chemical compound that provides energy, serves as a building block, or supports physiological processes. The term is broad and can include macronutrients, micronutrients, fiber, and certain bioactive compounds. Nutriments are distinguished from non-nutritive substances that may influence health without providing nourishment.

Nutriments are commonly grouped into macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients—carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and water—are required in relatively large amounts and supply energy or form body tissues. Micronutrients, including vitamins and minerals, are needed in smaller amounts but are essential for metabolism, immune function, and growth. Dietary fiber, though not digested for energy, is often treated as a separate nutriment due to its effects on digestion and health. Some nutriments also include essential amino acids and essential fatty acids that the body cannot synthesize.

The intake of nutriments is guided by dietary recommendations that specify daily amounts in grams, milligrams, or micrograms. Essential nutriments must be obtained through food or supplements; deficiency can cause disease, while excessive intake can be harmful. Nutriments interact in complex networks, influencing energy balance, bone health, cardiovascular function, and cognitive performance. A balanced diet emphasizes variety, adequacy, and moderation to ensure all nutritional requirements are met.