Nontrinitarians

Nontrinitarians are adherents of Christian theologies that reject the doctrine of the Trinity. They hold that God is a single divine person and that Jesus and the Holy Spirit are distinct from the Father in varying ways. Because the Trinity is central to many historic Christian creeds, nontrinitarian positions cover a range of christologies and soteriologies, from viewing Jesus as subordinate or created to viewing him as the preeminent but separate divine being.

Historical and contemporary groups commonly described as nontrinitarian include Arianism, Unitarianism, Jehovah's Witnesses, Christadelphians, Iglesia ni Cristo, and Oneness Pentecostal movements, though the last are sometimes described as modalist rather than tritheist. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is often characterized as nontrinitarian by outsiders because it teaches three distinct beings in the Godhead who are united in purpose. Unitarian Universalism is a broader movement stemming from Unitarian and Universalist traditions that generally rejects a creedal Trinity, while retaining diverse beliefs about God, Jesus, and spirituality.

Nontrinitarian beliefs have varied widely across history and geography. Early challenges to the Trinity, such as Arianism, were addressed by ecumenical councils in the 4th century. In modern times, nontrinitarian groups continue to define themselves in contrast to mainstream Trinitarian Christianity, affecting worship, sacraments, and ecclesial authority. The term is primarily used within Christian contexts, but other religions also reject the Trinity while acknowledging different conceptions of God.