Nitratfilme

Nitratfilme refers to photographic and cinematographic film stock made from nitrocellulose, also known as nitrate film. Developed in the late 19th century, it was the standard base for motion picture film from the 1910s to the 1950s. The film consists of a nitrocellulose base coated with a gelatin-based emulsion that carries the photographic image. The format is historically significant but presents serious preservation and safety challenges due to its chemical properties.

Nitrocellulose is highly flammable and chemically unstable. Deterioration produces volatile acids and gases and can proceed rapidly under heat, humidity, or light. Decomposition may cause embrittlement, shrinking, or powdering of the material and, in worst cases, spontaneous ignition or explosion. Some nitrate films release acetic, nitric, and nitrogen oxides fumes as they age. Because of these hazards, handling and storage require specialized facilities and trained personnel.

In cinema, nitrate stock was widely used for 35mm motion pictures and sometimes for still photography. Its high resolution, durability when new, and ease of production contributed to its dominance until polyester-based safety film replaced it in the mid-20th century. Even after production ceased, many nitrate films survive only in archives because of their fragility and heat sensitivity. Preservation often involves moving copies to non-nitrate bases and digitization.

Preservation and storage guidelines emphasize low temperature and controlled relative humidity, proper segregation from other materials, and robust fire protection. Archive facilities may use cold storage and inert gas environments, with regular monitoring for decomposition indicators such as a vinegar odor, embrittlement, or crystallization. Public access is typically restricted, and investigations focus on digitization and duplication onto safety film or digital media to ensure long-term access while reducing risk.