Newtoniennes

New toniennes refers to Newtonian physics, the body of theories and methods based on the laws formulated by Isaac Newton. In English-language contexts the corresponding term is Newtonian mechanics or classical mechanics. The field describes the motion of bodies under the influence of forces using a mathematical framework that remains valid for many macroscopic systems.

The core components are Newton's three laws of motion: the law of inertia, F = ma, and action-reaction. Combined with Newton's law of universal gravitation, F = G m1 m2 / r^2, these principles enable the prediction of trajectories and equilibria for objects ranging from projectiles to planets. The theory assumes that space and time are absolute and that systems are deterministically governed by initial conditions and applied forces.

Newtonian physics is typically adequate for phenomena at speeds much less than the speed of light and in weak gravitational fields. It underpins engineering, mechanics, fluid dynamics (to an extent), and celestial mechanics, providing a practical framework for calculations, simulations, and design.

Limitations exist where relativistic or quantum effects become significant. At high speeds, general relativity supersedes Newtonian gravity, and at small scales, quantum mechanics governs behavior. The term also contrasts with non-Newtonian ideas or fluids, where viscosity can depend on shear rate, and with relativistic or quantum theories that describe phenomena outside the classical regime. Histor'ically, Newtonian mechanics marked a turning point toward a deterministic, predictive science of motion that remains foundational in many disciplines.