Nevroproteser

Nevroproteser are devices that interface with the nervous system to restore, replace, or augment neural function. They work by translating external signals into neural stimulation or by converting neural activity into usable information for external systems. The development of neuroprostheses encompasses invasive implants that interact directly with neural tissue and non-invasive approaches that modulate the nervous system from outside the body. They can be aimed at restoring sensory input, such as hearing or vision, enabling motor control, or modulating neural circuits to alleviate symptoms of neurological disorders.

Common examples include cochlear implants, which stimulate the auditory nerve to provide hearing sensations for people with severe deafness; retinal prostheses that aim to produce visual percepts for certain forms of blindness; deep brain stimulation systems used to treat movement disorders; and spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain. Brain–computer interfaces enable direct communication between the brain and external devices, offering possibilities for controlling prosthetic limbs or computer interfaces. Vagus nerve stimulation is used for certain conditions such as epilepsy or depression. These devices range from invasive implants requiring surgical placement to non-invasive or minimally invasive systems that apply stimulation through the skin.

Neuroprostheses rely on advanced neural interfaces, biocompatible materials, and sophisticated signal processing to achieve precise, reliable operation. Challenges include biocompatibility and fibrotic tissue buildup, long-term stability of signals, device longevity, and infection risks for implants, as well as ethical considerations regarding privacy and autonomy. Ongoing research aims to improve selectivity, scalability, wireless power, and closed-loop control, expanding applications in medicine, rehabilitation, and neuroscience. The English term is neuroprostheses or neuroprosthetics; nevo­prostese­r is the cognate term in several Nordic languages.