Neuroradiology

Neuroradiology is a medical subspecialty of radiology focused on imaging the brain, spine, skull base, and skull and face regions, as well as the nervous system structures within the head and neck. Neuroradiologists interpret complex neuroimaging studies and perform image-guided diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The field relies on a range of imaging modalities to assess anatomy, pathology, and function.

Imaging techniques commonly used in neuroradiology include computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as primary tools, supplemented by MR angiography and venography, CT angiography, diffusion and perfusion imaging, functional MRI, and MR spectroscopy. Nuclear medicine techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) may be employed for metabolic and perfusion assessment. Interventional neuroradiology encompasses endovascular treatments for vascular conditions, catheter-based therapies, as well as image-guided biopsies and drainage procedures.

Clinical scope covers a wide range of conditions: acute and chronic brain diseases (stroke, tumors, infections, inflammatory disorders, traumatic injuries); spinal pathologies (degenerative disease, trauma, tumors, demyelinating processes); pediatric neuroimaging; pituitary and skull-base disorders; and imaging of the head and neck regions. Neuroradiology often informs treatment planning and guides interventions performed by neurologists, neurosurgeons, and oncologists.

Practice and training typically require completion of a radiology residency followed by a neuroradiology fellowship; board certification or equivalent credentials are pursued in many countries. Safety considerations include minimizing radiation exposure, monitoring iodinated contrast and gadolinium-based contrast agents for renal risk, and addressing MRI safety concerns related to implants and ferromagnetic devices. Neuroradiology combines diagnostic precision with interventional capabilities to improve outcomes in neurological diseases.