Neuromedins

Neuromedins are a family of endogenous signaling peptides expressed in the nervous system of vertebrates. They are produced from larger precursor proteins and processed by proteolytic enzymes into multiple active peptides that are released at synapses and, in some cases, from non-synaptic sites. Most neuromedins are short, typically eight to twenty amino acids, and often undergo C-terminal amidation or other post-translational modifications that increase stability and receptor affinity.

Neuromedins exert their effects by binding to a set of neuromedin receptors, a small family of G protein–coupled receptors localized in brain regions such as the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and brainstem, as well as in peripheral tissues including the gut and adrenal glands. Receptor signaling engages Gs, Gi/o, or Gq/11 pathways, leading to changes in cyclic adenosine monophosphate, intracellular calcium, and mitogen-activated protein kinase activity.

Functions attributed to neuromedins include modulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity, regulation of feeding and energy balance, nociception and stress responses, and influences on mood and learning. Their precise roles vary among peptide family members and depend on receptor distribution and neural circuits involved.

Research on neuromedins is ongoing, with interest in their potential as therapeutic targets for chronic pain, obesity, and mood disorders. Endogenous levels and peptide variants are typically quantified by mass spectrometry and immunoassays, while pharmacological studies employ synthetic analogs and receptor-selective antagonists in preclinical models.