Neosaxitoxaceae

Neosaxitoxaceae is a family of marine bacteria belonging to the phylum Cyanobacteria. These bacteria are primarily known for their association with the production of potent neurotoxins, specifically saxitoxins and their analogs. Saxitoxins are a group of natural toxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in humans and other animals that consume contaminated seafood. The toxins work by blocking sodium channels in nerve and muscle cells, leading to paralysis.

Members of the Neosaxitoxaceae family are often found in coastal environments, including estuaries, bays, and open ocean waters. They are typically planktonic, meaning they drift in the water column, and can form blooms under favorable conditions. These blooms can lead to significant ecological impacts and pose a risk to human health through the consumption of shellfish that accumulate the toxins.

The classification of Neosaxitoxaceae has undergone revisions as genetic and phylogenetic studies have advanced. Historically, some saxitoxin-producing cyanobacteria were placed in different genera, but molecular data has led to their consolidation into this family. Research continues to explore the diversity within Neosaxitoxaceae, the ecological factors influencing toxin production, and the mechanisms by which these bacteria synthesize such potent compounds. Understanding Neosaxitoxaceae is crucial for monitoring harmful algal blooms and managing the risks associated with saxitoxin contamination in marine ecosystems.