Neonikotynoidy

Neonikotynoidy, also known as neonics, are a class of synthetic insecticides chemically related to nicotine and developed for broad use in agriculture. They are systemic compounds, meaning plants can absorb them and transport the chemical throughout tissues, providing protection from within against pests that feed on the plant.

The primary mode of action is the activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the insect nervous system. Neonikotynoidy cause rapid and sustained stimulation of these receptors, leading to paralysis and death in many insect pests. They tend to have higher affinity for insect receptors than for mammalian receptors, contributing to a favorable selectivity profile, though non-target toxicity is a concern.

Chemical diversity within neonikotynoidy is often categorized by substituents into nitro- and cyano-substituted members. Common commercial examples include imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiamethoxam, dinotefuran, acetamiprid, and thiacloprid. These products are applied as seed coatings, soil drenches, or foliar sprays, allowing systemic distribution in crops such as grains, vegetables, fruits, and ornamental plants.

Environmental and regulatory considerations have shaped their use. Non-target effects on pollinators, aquatic invertebrates, and other beneficial insects have been documented, leading to debates about ecological risks. Some regions have restricted outdoor use of certain neonikotynoidy or phased them out for specific crops, while others continue to permit limited or targeted applications with risk mitigation measures. Pest resistance has also emerged in some species, prompting integrated pest management strategies that reduce reliance on neonicotinoids.