Naringenin

Naringenin is a natural flavanone belonging to the flavonoid class of polyphenols. It is the aglycone form of the citrus flavonoid naringin and is found in various citrus fruits, especially grapefruits and oranges. The chemical formula is C15H12O5, and the molecular weight is 272.25 g/mol. Its IUPAC name is (2S)-4',5,7-trihydroxyflavanone.

In plants, naringenin is produced via the phenylpropanoid pathway and serves as a precursor to other flavonoids. It features a flavanone skeleton with hydroxyl groups at positions 5 and 7 on the A ring and at 4' on the B ring.

Naringenin exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities in vitro and has been studied for potential anticancer, cardiometabolic, and neuroprotective effects in cell and animal models. Clinical evidence remains limited and inconsistent, and there are no established medical indications for naringenin.

Pharmacokinetically, naringenin undergoes extensive metabolism in the body, including glucuronidation and sulfation, resulting in generally limited oral bioavailability. It can interact with drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters; however, grapefruit-containing products contain additional constituents that contribute to drug interactions, and the role of naringenin itself is part of a broader context.

Research and applications: naringenin is widely studied as a dietary polyphenol with potential health benefits. More rigorous clinical trials are required to determine efficacy, optimal dosing, and safety for any therapeutic use.