Nalkanes

N-alkanes are straight-chain saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2, where n is a positive integer. They are a subset of alkanes, consisting of carbon atoms linked by single bonds in an unbranched chain. Each carbon is sp3-hybridized and forms four sigma bonds, giving the molecules a relatively simple, nonpolar structure.

Because they are nonpolar, n-alkanes have low solubility in water and are more soluble in nonpolar solvents. Their physical properties, including boiling points, increase with molecular weight. At room temperature, the smallest members (n = 1–4) are gases, while larger members are liquids or solids. They are generally chemically inert, reacting mainly under specific conditions such as combustion or radical substitution initiated by light.

Naming and structure: the prefix n- denotes a normal, unbranched chain, distinguishing these compounds from branched isomers (such as iso-alkanes). The first several n-alkanes are methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10), and pentane (C5H12). For larger n, many structural isomers exist, with the total number of possible isomers increasing rapidly as chain length grows.

Occurrences and production: n-alkanes are major components of petroleum and natural gas. They are produced and refined through processes such as fractional distillation, cracking, and reforming to yield fuels (gasoline, diesel, kerosene) and various chemical feedstocks.

Uses and safety: as fuels, n-alkanes provide energy through combustion, releasing carbon dioxide and water; incomplete combustion can produce carbon monoxide and soot. They are flammable and require appropriate handling and storage.