C5H12

C5H12 is the chemical formula for pentane, an alkane consisting of five carbon atoms and twelve hydrogen atoms. It denotes three structural isomers, all of which are saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds: n-pentane (a straight-chain form), 2-methylbutane (commonly known as isopentane), and 2,2-dimethylpropane (known as neopentane). These isomers share the same molecular formula but differ in their carbon skeletons.

The three isomers are: n-pentane, a linear chain; 2-methylbutane, with a single methyl branch on the second carbon; and 2,2-dimethylpropane, which has two methyl branches on the central carbon. Branching decreases intermolecular attraction and generally lowers boiling points, so among the three isomers, n-pentane has the highest boiling point and neopentane the lowest, with 2-methylbutane in between.

C5H12 compounds are nonpolar and chemically classified as alkanes. They are relatively insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. They are produced in petroleum refining and natural gas processing, occurring as components of gasoline fractions and other hydrocarbon streams. They are used as solvents in laboratory and industrial settings and, in some applications, as blowing agents for polymer foams and as feedstocks in chemical synthesis.

Safety considerations include the flammability of all C5H12 isomers and the potential for vapors to form explosive mixtures with air. Proper handling in well-ventilated areas away from ignition sources is recommended.