NITs

Nits are the eggs of head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis). They are tiny, oval, and firmly attached to hair shafts near the scalp by a cement-like substance produced by the female. Nits are usually translucent to white-yellow and about 0.8 millimeters long; they are often mistaken for dandruff but cannot be brushed off easily. They are most commonly found within 1 centimeter of the scalp, particularly behind the ears and at the nape of the neck.

Lifecycle and identification: Female lice lay eggs by cementing them to hair. Eggs hatch in about 7 to 10 days into nymphs, which mature into adults after roughly 9 to 12 days. Adults live about a month on a human host. Live lice can move and feed on the scalp, whereas many visible nits may be empty shells left after hatching. Nits located farther from the scalp are frequently nonviable, though viable nits can sometimes be found up to several centimeters away in long hair.

Transmission and impact: Head-to-head contact is the most common way lice spread; inanimate objects play a lesser role. Lice do not transmit disease, but infestation can cause itching and discomfort and may require treatment for removal and relief.

Treatment and prevention: Treatments include over-the-counter pediculicides containing permethrin or pyrethrins, with alternatives available for resistant populations. Mechanical removal with a fine-toothed comb can help, often followed by a second treatment about 7 to 9 days later to kill newly hatched nymphs. Laundry of bedding and clothing in hot water, vacuuming of living areas, and avoiding shared personal items reduce reinfestation risk. Regular screening and prompt treatment can help manage outbreaks in schools and households.