NH4ClO4

NH4ClO4, commonly called ammonium perchlorate, is an inorganic salt formed from the ammonium cation (NH4+) and the perchlorate anion (ClO4−). It is a strong oxidizer and is best known for its role as a key component in solid rocket propellants and in certain pyrotechnic formulations. Industrially it is produced by neutralizing perchloric acid with ammonia, followed by crystallization of the salt from aqueous solution.

In terms of physical properties, ammonium perchlorate is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water. It is thermally stable at room temperature but decomposes exothermically when heated. Decomposition liberates gases, including nitrogen, water vapor, and hydrogen chloride, and can be highly energetic under confinement. As an oxidizer, it supports combustion of fuels and organic materials under suitable conditions.

Applications of ammonium perchlorate are dominated by its use as the oxidizer in solid propellants, especially ammonium perchlorate composite propellants (APCP) that combine the salt with a fuel and a polymer binder. It has also been used in fireworks and other pyrotechnic compositions. Due to its energetic nature and compatibility considerations, handling, storage, and use are subject to strict safety and regulatory controls to prevent accidental ignition or detonation.

Safety and hazards: ammonium perchlorate is a strong oxidizer and can react violently with fuels or organic materials, reducing agents, or certain metals, particularly when subjected to heat, shock, or friction. Proper handling, segregation from incompatible materials, grounding, and protective equipment are essential in settings where it is manufactured, stored, or used. Environmental and health considerations focus on exposure limits and the management of decomposition products.