Munuaistiehyet

**Munuaistiehyet** (Finnish for "kidney stones") are hard deposits of minerals and acid salts that form inside the kidneys. They develop when certain substances in the urine become highly concentrated, allowing crystals to form and grow. Common types include calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, struvite, and uric acid stones, each with distinct causes and risk factors.

Symptoms often include severe pain in the lower back or abdomen, nausea, vomiting, and blood in the urine. Pain typically occurs when a stone moves from the kidney to the ureter, a tube that carries urine to the bladder. Small stones may pass unnoticed, while larger ones may require medical intervention.

Risk factors include dehydration, a high-sodium diet, obesity, family history, and certain medical conditions like gout or urinary tract infections. Prevention involves staying hydrated, maintaining a balanced diet low in salt and oxalates, and managing underlying health issues.

Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scans, or X-rays, along with urine and blood tests. Treatment options range from pain management and increased fluid intake for small stones to procedures like lithotripsy (shock wave therapy) or surgery for larger obstructions. In some cases, medications may help dissolve or prevent future stones.

While kidney stones are painful, most resolve on their own or with medical care. Recurrence rates vary, and lifestyle adjustments can significantly reduce the risk of future episodes.