Mullakünnised

Mullakünnised, also known as soil mounds or peat mounds, are a geological and ecological phenomenon found in certain regions, particularly in the Nordic countries. These formations are characterized by their elevated, often rounded appearance and are typically composed of accumulated organic matter, primarily peat, mixed with mineral soil.

The formation of mullakünnised is a slow process influenced by a combination of factors. Poor drainage is a key contributor, creating waterlogged conditions that favor the decomposition of plant material. Over time, this partially decayed organic matter, or peat, accumulates, gradually building up above the surrounding ground level. Factors such as frost heave and the action of burrowing animals can also play a role in shaping and expanding these mounds.

Ecologically, mullakünnised create distinct microhabitats. The elevated position and altered soil composition can support a different range of plant species compared to the adjacent areas. These mounds often become colonized by specific mosses, lichens, and hardy vascular plants adapted to the moister, nutrient-poor conditions. They can also provide important habitat for insects and small mammals.

The distribution of mullakünnised is often linked to specific soil types and climatic conditions. They are most commonly observed in low-lying, boggy areas, moorlands, and coastal regions where waterlogging is prevalent. While not a widespread geological feature globally, they are an important characteristic of the landscape in regions where they occur, contributing to biodiversity and the unique ecological character of those environments.