Motorikontrollin

Motorikontrollin, or motor control, refers to the ability to regulate and coordinate movements and posture to achieve purposeful actions. It emerges from the interaction of sensory input, neural commands, and musculoskeletal mechanics and adapts through learning.

Key functions include planning and programming movements, initiating and executing motor commands, online feedback and correction using sensory information, and motor learning to improve performance with practice.

Neural substrates: primary motor cortex, premotor and supplementary motor areas, the basal ganglia, the cerebellum, brainstem and spinal circuitry; integration with proprioceptive, visual and vestibular signals enables accurate movement. The cerebellum and basal ganglia contribute to timing, precision, and selection of actions, while cortical areas plan and initiate movements.

Development and disorders: Motor control develops in infancy from reflexes to voluntary movement, refining coordination and dexterity. Impairments may occur after stroke, brain injury, Parkinson's disease, cerebral palsy, or degenerative ataxias, affecting smoothness, speed, and accuracy.

Assessment and application: Clinicians assess motor control with clinical scales and performance tests, and through kinematic analysis and neuroimaging. Rehabilitation uses physical and occupational therapy, task-specific practice, feedback strategies, and approaches based on motor learning and neuroplasticity.

Theoretical approaches include hierarchical motor control models, dynamical systems theory, internal models for predicting action outcomes, and optimal feedback control as a framework for understanding movement planning.