Monotocous

Monotocous is a term used in biology, specifically in ethology and reproductive biology, to describe the condition of producing a single offspring at a time. This reproductive strategy contrasts with polytocous species, which typically give birth to multiple offspring in a single pregnancy or brood.

Species that are monotocous usually invest a significant amount of parental care in their single offspring. This can include extended periods of gestation, prolonged nursing, and intensive protection and training of the young. The increased investment per offspring is often seen as a way to maximize the survival rate of the limited number of offspring produced. Examples of monotocous animals include humans, horses, elephants, and great apes.

The monotocous strategy is often associated with larger body size, longer lifespans, and more complex social structures. It is believed to have evolved in environments where resources are scarce or competition is high, making the survival of each individual offspring crucial. The evolutionary pressures favor a strategy of quality over quantity in reproduction.