Milkproducing

Milk-producing refers to the ability of a mammal to synthesize and secrete milk from the mammary glands to nourish offspring. The primary anatomical structures are the mammary glands, composed of alveoli lined with milk-secreting epithelial cells and a network of ducts and cisterns. In most mammals the trait is female-specific for lactation, though some species may produce milk in males under certain conditions.

Lactation is initiated by hormonal changes associated with pregnancy and parturition. Prolactin stimulates milk synthesis in the alveolar cells; estrogen and progesterone influence mammary development during pregnancy; oxytocin triggers milk ejection during suckling. Milk production is maintained by galactopoiesis, which relies on ongoing demand signals from nursing or milking. In many domestic species, lactation can be managed but is not perpetual; dairy cattle, goats, and sheep typically have defined lactation cycles with a calving or parturition event.

Milk composition varies by species and stage of lactation but generally contains water, lactose, fats, proteins (including caseins and whey), minerals, and immunoglobulins. Human milk differs notably from bovine milk in fat and protein content and immunological profile, reflecting its role in infant development.

In agriculture and animal husbandry, milk production is a major economic activity, subject to management practices, nutrition, genetics, and health status. Mastitis and other diseases, milking efficiency, and welfare considerations influence yield and quality, while processing and safety standards govern consumer dairy products.