Mikrofony

Mikrofony (microphones) are devices that convert acoustic energy into electrical signals. They are fundamental in recording, broadcasting, and telecommunication. Mikrofony differ by principle and construction, with the main types being dynamic, condenser (capacitor), and ribbon, as well as variants such as electret and contact microphones.

Dynamic microphones use a diaphragm attached to a coil mounted in a magnetic field. Sound moves the diaphragm and coil, inducing an electrical current. They are rugged, require no external power, and handle high sound pressure levels, but are less sensitive to very quiet sounds.

Condenser microphones use a diaphragm that forms one plate of a capacitor. The capacitor is charged by external power, typically phantom power from a mixer or interface, or a battery. They offer higher sensitivity and broader frequency response, but are more fragile and require power and careful handling.

Ribbon microphones use a very thin metal ribbon in a magnetic field. They tend to have smooth, natural high-frequency response and a figure-8 polar pattern, but are delicate and sensitive to high SPL.

Directionality: many mikrofony are omnidirectional, cardioid, supercardioid, or figure-8, shaping how sound from different directions is captured and affecting feedback and isolation.

History and use: carbon microphones were early telephonic devices; dynamic and condenser designs dominated studios in the 20th century. Today mikrofony are common in music production, broadcasting, podcasts, and consumer devices, including USB and smartphone mics.

See also: microphone pickup patterns, phantom power, impedance, polar patterns.