Microimplantation

Microimplantation refers to the surgical insertion of very small implants or devices into living tissue for monitoring, stimulation, or localized treatment. The term covers a range of disciplines, including neuroscience, dentistry, ophthalmology, and drug delivery. In neuroscience, microimplantation typically involves placing microelectrode arrays or depth electrodes into brain tissue to record neural activity or deliver electrical stimulation, enabling brain–computer interfaces and circuit studies. In dentistry, microimplantation often means the placement of temporary anchorage devices, tiny screws or implants that provide stable anchorage for orthodontic treatment. In ophthalmology and vision restoration, microimplantable devices such as retinal prostheses or microelectrode arrays aim to restore or augment vision by stimulating retinal neurons.

Methods and materials: Microimplantation uses sterile surgical techniques guided by imaging or stereotaxic navigation. Implants are fabricated from biocompatible materials such as medical-grade titanium, silicon, platinum-iridium, or biocompatible polymers. Implantation is performed with micromanipulators, stereotaxic frames, or robotic assistance to achieve precise depth and location. For active devices, power and data transmission may be wired or wireless, with attention to heat, safety, and interference.

Challenges: Tissue response to implanted devices, including inflammation and gliosis, can degrade signal quality in neural implants and shorten device lifetimes. Mechanical mismatch, micromotion, infection risk, and regulatory hurdles can limit clinical use. Long-term stability, biocompatibility, and retrievability are important considerations.

See also: microelectrode array, deep brain stimulation, dental implant, temporary anchorage device, retinal prosthesis, drug-eluting implant.