MetabolismusfirstÜberlegungen

Metabolismus, or metabolism, refers to all chemical reactions in living organisms that sustain life. It includes catabolic pathways that break down molecules to release energy and anabolic pathways that build complex molecules from simpler ones. Metabolism supports growth, maintenance, and reproduction.

Enzymes catalyze nearly all metabolic reactions. The energy currency of cells is ATP, produced mainly by glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Key pathways include glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis and glycogenolysis; lipid metabolism through beta-oxidation; and protein turnover with amino acid metabolism. Metabolic flux is integrated across tissues and adjusted based on energy demand and nutrient availability.

Regulation encompasses genetic control, hormonal signals (insulin, glucagon, adrenaline, thyroid hormones), allosteric effectors, feedback inhibition, and circadian rhythms. Nutrient sensors, such as AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) and mTOR, coordinate energy balance, growth, and the balance between catabolic and anabolic processes. Environmental factors like temperature, diet, fasting, and exercise modulate metabolism.

Human health and disease: altered metabolism is central to obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and inborn errors of metabolism. Metabolic rate varies among individuals and activities; caloric intake and macronutrient composition influence body weight. Research areas include metabolic engineering, metabolomics, and nutritional science.

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