Menopausaa

Menopausaa is the set of biological changes that marks the end of a person’s reproductive years, typically occurring when ovarian function declines and menstruation ceases permanently. It is a natural phase of aging and is usually preceded by a transitional period during which hormone levels rise and fall. The transition is commonly divided into three stages: perimenopause, menopause, and postmenopause. Perimenopause can last several years and features irregular periods and fluctuating symptoms. Menopause is defined as the point after 12 consecutive months without a menstrual period. Postmenopause refers to the years after the final menstrual period.

Symptoms vary and may include vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes and night sweats, vaginal dryness and thinning of vaginal tissue, sleep disturbances, mood or cognitive changes, reduced libido, and urinary symptoms. There is also an increased long-term risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease due to lower estrogen levels.

Diagnosis is usually based on clinical history; blood tests such as FSH and estradiol may support the assessment in unclear cases but are not required. Management depends on symptoms and health status. Treatments include hormone replacement therapy for eligible individuals, non-hormonal medications for hot flashes or mood symptoms, and local therapies such as vaginal estrogen for dryness. Lifestyle measures—regular physical activity, a balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, smoking cessation, limiting alcohol, and good sleep hygiene—can help. Regular medical follow-up is advised to monitor bone and heart health and to review risks and benefits of any treatments.