Materiallar

Materiallar are substances with properties that enable their use in products and structures. In engineering and science, the term covers a wide range of materials, from natural substances to engineered composites. The field of materiallar science and engineering studies how composition and structure determine performance and how new materials are developed. Materiallar selection considers properties, cost, availability, and the intended function of a component or system.

Materials are commonly grouped by composition and structure into metals (ferrous and nonferrous), polymers, ceramics, and composites. Natural materials such as wood and stone are included in many contexts. Advanced classes include nanomaterials, biomaterials, smart materials, and metamaterials. Core properties include mechanical properties (strength, stiffness, ductility), thermal behavior (conductivity, expansion), electrical and magnetic characteristics, optical properties, and chemical stability.

Processing and fabrication shape a material's microstructure and properties. Typical steps include extraction and refining of raw materials, forming or shaping (casting, forging, extrusion, molding), joining (welding, bonding), and finishing. Processing history and environment influence performance, so designers balance weight, cost, durability, and manufacturability when selecting materials for aerospace, automotive, electronics, construction, energy, and healthcare applications.

Sustainability and lifecycle concerns are increasingly integral to material selection. Efforts focus on recyclability, resource efficiency, durability, and minimizing environmental impact. Emerging directions include lightweight alloys, advanced polymers and ceramics, composite systems, nanomaterials, biomaterials, and smart or responsive materials for sensing, actuation, and energy storage.