Materialidentifiering

Materialidentifiering is the process of determining the material type and composition of a sample, often extending to its origin, class, or allowable uses. It is used across manufacturing, quality control, regulatory compliance, salvage and recycling, forensic investigations, and cultural heritage work. The goal is to confirm what the material is, its key constituents, and, in some cases, its provenance or formation history.

Common non-destructive techniques include X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for elemental composition, Raman spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for molecular fingerprints, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to identify crystalline phases. Optical microscopy assists with microstructure and coating inspection. Destructive approaches include mass spectrometry methods (ICP-MS, LA-ICP-MS) for trace elements, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) for morphology and composition, and chromatographic methods (e.g., GC-MS) for organics. The choice of method depends on the material type, required sensitivity, and whether preservation of the sample is necessary.

Typical workflow involves representative sampling, appropriate specimen preparation, analytical measurements, and comparison with reference materials, libraries, or standards. Results are reported with stated confidence levels and measurement uncertainties. In regulated contexts, maintaining chain-of-custody and rigorous documentation is essential. Standards from organizations such as ISO and ASTM guide procedures and reporting, though practices may vary by material category and laboratory capabilities.

Challenges include material heterogeneity, coatings or composites, mixtures, and closely related spectra across different materials. Often a combination of complementary techniques is employed to improve reliability, support decision-making in manufacturing and safety, and enable effective recycling and waste management.