Manicdepressive

Manic-depressive is an historical term for a mood disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of mania or hypomania and depression. In modern psychiatry the condition is usually described as bipolar disorder, with subtypes such as bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymia. The term manic-depressive illness appeared in the late 19th century and has largely been replaced by the bipolar framework in clinical practice.

Manic or hypomanic episodes involve elevated or irritable mood, accelerated speech and thought, increased energy, reduced need for sleep, grandiosity, distractibility, and often impulsive or risky behavior. Depressive episodes are marked by persistent sadness or emptiness, diminished interest, changes in appetite or sleep, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, and thoughts of death or suicide. Some individuals experience mixed features or rapid cycling, with mood states shifting frequently.

Genetic and environmental factors contribute to bipolar disorder. A family history increases risk, and neurobiological studies suggest dysregulation in mood-related neural circuits and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, glutamate, and serotonin. Onset typically occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood and the course is often episodic and lifelong, though symptoms may become better controlled with treatment.

Diagnosis is based on clinical assessment and standardized criteria (such as DSM-5-TR or ICD-11), following the exclusion of medical causes or substance effects. Treatment aims to stabilize mood and prevent relapse and usually combines pharmacotherapy—m mood stabilizers (for example lithium, valproate, lamotrigine), atypical antipsychotics, and sometimes carefully monitored antidepressants—with psychotherapy, psychoeducation, sleep regulation, and lifestyle adjustments.

With ongoing treatment, many people experience longer periods of stability and improved functioning, though bipolar disorder typically requires long-term management. Suicide risk is a serious concern during depressive episodes, underscoring the importance of comprehensive care and support networks.