Mammographic

Mammographic is an adjective describing anything related to mammography, the radiographic examination of the breast. Mammography is used for population screening and diagnostic evaluation of breast symptoms. It employs low-dose X-rays to produce images of breast tissue, which are interpreted by radiologists for signs of cancer or other conditions.

Techniques used in mammography include conventional 2D imaging with paired views, most commonly craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO). Digital mammography uses electronic detectors to capture images. In recent years, digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), or 3D mammography, acquires multiple slices through the breast to reduce tissue overlap and improve detection, particularly in dense breasts.

Mammographic findings are described in terms of masses, calcifications, asymmetries, and architectural distortion. Calcifications can be benign or suspicious for malignancy; clusters of microcalcifications may prompt further investigation. Mammographic density refers to the proportion of fibroglandular tissue visible on the image and affects both cancer risk assessment and the sensitivity of screening. Density is often categorized by systems such as BI-RADS, with higher density associated with greater masking of abnormalities.

Risks and limitations include exposure to ionizing radiation, which is low but not zero, and the potential for false-positive results leading to unnecessary procedures. False negatives can occur, particularly in dense breasts or early cancers. Screening programs weigh benefits and harms and typically recommend regular screening at defined intervals for average-risk individuals.

Applications extend beyond routine screening to diagnostic workups for palpable lumps, nipple changes, or abnormal screening results. When indicated, adjunct imaging such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging may be used to supplement mammography.