Malokklusion

Malokklusion, or malocclusion, is a condition characterized by a misalignment between the upper and lower teeth and/or the jaws, resulting in an abnormal bite. It can affect chewing, speaking, oral hygiene, and facial aesthetics. Malokklusion can be classified as dental (occlusion of teeth) or skeletal (jaw relation). The most widely used clinical framework is Angle's classification: Class I denotes normal molar relationship with crowding or spacing; Class II indicates retruded mandible or protrusive maxilla with an overbite; Class III indicates protrusive mandible with an underbite. Other types include crossbite, open bite, deep bite, and crowding.

Causes are multifactorial, including genetics, abnormal jaw growth, early loss of primary teeth, prolonged habits (thumb sucking, pacifier use), and environmental factors. Some syndromic conditions also predispose to malocclusion.

Diagnosis involves a dental and medical history, clinical examination, plaster or digital dental casts, intraoral and extraoral photographs, and radiographs such as panoramic and cephalometric images. 3D imaging may be used for complex cases.

Treatment aims to restore proper bite, function, and aesthetics. Interceptive orthodontics may begin around age 7 to guide growth. Treatments include fixed braces, removable appliances, aligners, extractions when necessary, and camouflage or orthodontic-to-surgical approaches for skeletal discrepancies. In severe cases, orthognathic surgery may be indicated in combination with orthodontics. Retention after active treatment is essential to prevent relapse.

Prognosis depends on severity, compliance, and timely intervention. Early detection improves outcomes, while untreated malokklusion can lead to tooth wear, periodontal problems, speech issues, and temporomandibular discomfort.