Makroegenskaper
Makroegenskaper (macro properties) are properties that describe the bulk behavior of a material or system at the macroscopic scale. They summarize how a material responds to external stimuli such as forces, heat, electricity, or light, without requiring detail about the underlying microstructure. Macroscopic properties are often continuous variables that can be measured with standard laboratory tests and are essential for engineering design and material selection.
Common makroegenskaper include density, elastic modulus (Young's modulus), yield strength and ultimate tensile strength, ductility, hardness,
Macro properties can depend on temperature, pressure, and orientation in anisotropic materials. They often arise from
Measurement and testing: density by Archimedes principle; tensile tests for strength and ductility; hardness tests; thermal
Limitations: macro properties may mask local heterogeneities or transient phenomena; they may be valid only within
See also: microproperties, mesoscopic properties, homogenization, effective medium theory, constitutive modeling.