constitutive

Constitutive is an adjective derived from Latin constitutus, meaning set up or established. It is used to indicate essential, defining, or origin-related aspects of a system or object. In scholarly writing, it distinguishes elements that form the identity or functioning from descriptive attributes.

In materials science and physics, constitutive relations describe how a material responds to external stimuli, such as forces, temperature, or time. They express stress-strain or other property relationships and are foundational to modeling material behavior. Examples include Hooke's law for linear elasticity and more complex models for plasticity, viscoelasticity, and anisotropy.

In biology and genetics, constitutive expression refers to gene expression that occurs regularly and independently of environmental cues, often driven by constitutive promoters. This contrasts with inducible expression, which depends on specific signals.

In law and philosophy, constitutive can describe rules or norms that create or define a social practice or institution, rather than merely regulate it. In constitutional law, it relates to the constitution as the fundamental framework of government and rights. The term also appears in phrases like constitutive rules in the philosophy of language, which are rules that help constitute social activities and institutions.