Magnetoituvat

Magnetoituvat are substances or materials that can acquire a magnetic moment, i.e., become magnetized, when subjected to magnetic fields or when their internal electronic structure allows spontaneous magnetization. The term covers both externally induced magnetization, where magnetization appears mainly in the presence of a magnetic field, and spontaneous magnetization, where a material can retain magnetization after the external field is removed (remanence).

Mechanism and types. In most materials magnetization results from the alignment of microscopic magnetic moments associated with electron spins and orbital motion. Paramagnets exhibit a weak, proportional magnetization that disappears when the field is removed. Diamagnets develop a weak magnetization opposite to the applied field. Ferromagnets and ferrimagnets show strong, cooperative ordering and can maintain magnetization below a characteristic temperature, the Curie or Neel temperature, even without an external field.

Examples and behavior. Common magnetoituvat groups include paramagnets, diamagnets, ferromagnets and ferrimagnets. Superparamagnets behave like large magnetic moments that align with a field but lose remanence when the field is removed due to thermal fluctuations.

Measurement and properties. The response of magnetoituvat to an external field is described by magnetization M, magnetic susceptibility χ, and often a hysteresis loop. Key quantities include saturation magnetization, coercivity, and remanence, which characterize the strength and persistence of magnetization.

Applications and context. Materials that magnetoituvat are central to data storage (hard drives, magnetic tapes), electrical transformers and sensors, and biomedical technologies such as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents and targeted therapies. Temperature, composition, crystal structure and defects influence magnetization by affecting spin interactions and domain structure.