MTSS

MTSS, or multi-tiered system of supports, is a school-based framework for delivering academic, behavioral, and social-emotional supports through a continuum of services that are data-driven and aligned with instruction. It emphasizes universal screening, progress monitoring, and the use of timely, research-based interventions to address student needs. MTSS is designed as a preventive, whole-child approach that seeks to improve outcomes for all students and reduce the number who require more intensive services.

The framework is typically organized into three tiers. Tier 1 consists of high-quality, evidence-based universal instruction and behavioral supports for all students. Tier 2 provides targeted interventions for students who show insufficient progress in Tier 1, often implemented in small groups. Tier 3 offers intensive, individualized interventions for students with persistent difficulties. Decisions about movement between tiers are guided by regular progress monitoring and data collected by a school-based MTSS team.

MTSS often integrates elements of response to intervention (RTI) for academic learning and positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS) for behavior, with shared screening tools and progress measures across domains. It is intended to be a unified system rather than a set of separate programs, and it should align with special education processes by identifying students who need more intensive supports or evaluation.

Implementation requires leadership, professional development, sufficient resources, fidelity checks, and collaborative planning among teachers, specialists, families, and administrators. While evidence on outcomes varies, advocates note potential benefits such as earlier identification of learning and behavioral needs, better use of interventions, and more equitable supports when MTSS is implemented with quality and fidelity.