MDF

Medium-density fibreboard (MDF) is an engineered wood product created by turning wood residuals into fine fibers, which are blended with wax and resin binders and then subjected to heat and pressure to form panels. The resulting boards have a uniform density and a smooth surface. Typical densities range from about 600 to 800 kg per cubic meter, and standard thicknesses run from 2 to 40 millimeters.

Manufacturing involves defibrating wood residuals into fibers, drying and refining them, mixing with urea-formaldehyde or alternative resins and wax, forming mats, and pressing under high temperature and pressure. The mats are then trimmed and sanded to achieve flat panels. Adhesives and resin systems are selected to balance strength, moisture resistance, and emissions.

Properties include uniform strength, good workability, and an exceptionally smooth surface that accepts paint and veneers well. MDF is weaker in edge strength than solid wood or plywood and can swell with moisture if not properly sealed. Moisture-resistant (MR) and fire-retardant variants exist, as do veneered or laminated options for surfaces requiring a wood-like appearance.

Common uses include interior cabinetry, shelving, furniture parts, and interior trim. MDF is often laminated with decorative foils or faced with wood veneer to improve aesthetics, or cut with CNC machines for precision parts. It is prized for consistent machining and a flat, uniform surface.

Environmental and health considerations focus on adhesive emissions. Modern MDF products use low-formaldehyde or formaldehyde-free resins in many markets, and compliance standards aim to limit indoor air concentrations. Handling generates sawdust, which should be managed with dust collection and personal protective equipment.