fireretardant

Fireretardant, typically written fire retardant, refers to substances or materials that reduce the likelihood of ignition or slow the spread of fire. They are used in polymers, coatings, textiles, foams, and building products to improve fire safety.

Fire retardants act through several mechanisms. Some promote the formation of a protective char layer, others absorb heat, others release noncombustible gases to dilute flammable vapors, and some interfere with flame chemistry in the gas phase. They can be added as additives or embedded in formulations, such as intumescent systems that swell to form an insulating barrier when heated.

Common categories include inorganic fillers (for example aluminum hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide), phosphorus- and nitrogen-based compounds, and halogenated flame retardants. In textiles and plastics, a range of formulations exists, from mineral fillers to reactive intumescent systems. In recent years there has been a shift toward non-halogenated and environmentally friendly retardants, though halogenated chemistries remain in use for certain applications.

Regulation and safety: The use of some flame retardants has raised health and environmental concerns, leading to restrictions or phase-outs in several regions. Effective use requires balancing fire protection with potential impacts on mechanical properties, cost, and safety, and complying with relevant standards and certifications.

See also: flame retardant, fire safety, building codes.