Libertinism

Libertinism is a historical and literary term used to describe a philosophy and lifestyle that emphasizes personal autonomy, especially in sexual matters, and often rejects orthodox religious and social norms. The label has also carried moral judgments and is frequently used as a pejorative by critics of secular or hedonistic culture.

Historically, libertinism is most associated with 17th- and 18th-century Europe, notably in France, where libertine circles and salons fostered free inquiry, anti-clericalism, and skeptical or atheistic thought. The movement encompassed writers, poets, and courtiers who challenged censorship, conventional marriage, and religious authority, sometimes advocating moral relativism or utilitarian ethics alongside a celebration of wit, pleasure, and secular values. The term was used by opponents to stigmatize what they saw as unbridled sensuality and disrespect for tradition.

In practice, libertinism described a range of attitudes and behaviors rather than a single doctrine. It emphasized personal freedom, autonomy, and the right to pursue one’s own pleasures, while at times engaging with contemporary debates on secularism, political liberty, and education. The tradition extended into later periods through the broader concept of libertinage and has influenced literary and artistic portrayals of eroticism and nonconformity.

Modern usage varies: some refer to libertinism as a historical phenomenon, others describe a modern ethos of sexual freedom or ethical nonconformity. It is distinct from libertarianism, a political philosophy focused on individual rights and limited government.