Legeringarna

Legeringarna, or alloys, are substances composed of two or more elements, where at least one component is a metal. The combination is designed to obtain properties superior to those of the constituent elements, such as greater strength, hardness, wear resistance, or improved corrosion resistance.

Alloys are produced by melting the constituent elements and combining them in specified proportions, followed by controlled cooling. Some alloys form through solid-state diffusion or phase transformations during heat treatment. The exact composition and microstructure determine mechanical behavior and performance under different temperatures and environments.

Ferrous alloys are based on iron, including steel and cast iron, with carbon content and alloying elements shaping their properties. Non-ferrous alloys exclude iron and include aluminum, copper, nickel, titanium, and magnesium alloys. Common examples are bronze (copper with tin), brass (copper with zinc), aluminum alloys, and nickel-based superalloys used in high-temperature applications. Solder and pewter are alloys of tin with lead or other elements.

Alloys are typically given standardized designations by national and international bodies, such as ISO, ASTM, or EN standards, often reflecting composition ranges, heat treatments, or functional purpose.

From ancient bronze and early steel to modern aerospace alloys, alloying has been central to material science. Applications span construction, transportation, electronics, and consumer goods, where tailored properties meet demanding operating conditions.