Lateksiproteiinit

Lateksiproteiinit, translated as latex proteins, are a group of natural rubber latex allergens found in the sap of the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis. These proteins are responsible for the majority of allergic reactions to latex products in humans and animals. The most clinically relevant latex proteins include Hev b 1, Hev b 5, Hev b 6.1, Hev b 6.02, and Hev b 8, among others, each with distinct molecular weights and immunoglobulin E (IgE) binding capacities.

The structure of latex proteins is diverse; some are in the 18–22 kDa range, while others are larger glycoproteins. Many of these proteins are glycosylated, which can affect their allergenic potency. Humans exposed to latex through medical instruments, gloves, or everyday items can develop sensitization, leading to immediate hypersensitivity reactions such as urticaria, angioedema, asthma, or anaphylaxis. The severity of responses varies widely between individuals and can be influenced by genetic predisposition, atopic status, and environmental exposure.

Cross-reactivity is a significant concern. Latex proteins share structural homology with allergens found in bananas, avocado, chestnut, and figs, which can trigger reactions in latex-sensitized individuals who consume these foods. This phenomenon is partly mediated by the presence of shared carbohydrate epitopes or similar amino acid sequences.

Diagnosis of latex allergy typically involves skin prick testing, specific IgE measurement, and, in some cases, baseline tryptase to evaluate mast cell activation. Management strategies focus on avoidance of latex-containing products, use of synthetic glove materials, and emergency preparedness for anaphylaxis. Immunotherapy for latex allergy is under investigation but is not yet widely implemented.