Laparoskópii

Laparoskópii, or laparoscopy, is a minimally invasive surgical technique that uses small abdominal incisions and a camera-equipped instrument called a laparoscope to view and operate inside the abdomen or pelvis. The camera provides a magnified view on a monitor, guiding the surgeon as specialized long instruments are used to perform the procedure.

During the operation, several small trocars are inserted through the abdominal wall to create ports for the laparoscope and instruments. The abdomen is inflated with carbon dioxide to create a working space. Most procedures are performed under general anesthesia; in some cases regional anesthesia or sedation may be used for specific tasks. If visualization or control is inadequate, the procedure may be converted to an open operation, known as laparotomy.

Laparoscopy is used for a wide range of conditions, including gallbladder disease (gallstones and cholecystitis), appendicitis, various hernias, and many gynecologic procedures such as sterilization, endometriosis treatment, oophorectomy, and select hysterectomies. It is also employed for certain colorectal, urologic, and diagnostic abdominal surgeries.

Benefits over open surgery commonly include smaller incisions, less postoperative pain, shorter hospital stay, quicker recovery, and lower infection risk. Risks are those associated with anesthesia, plus potential complications such as bleeding, infection, injury to organs or vessels, gas-related shoulder pain, and port-site hernias. Not all patients are suitable candidates; prior abdominal surgery, extensive adhesions, obesity, or severe cardiopulmonary disease can complicate or preclude laparoscopic approaches.

History and developments: laparoscopy emerged and expanded rapidly in the late 20th century, with ongoing advances such as single-incision techniques and robotic-assisted laparoscopy.