LEDdrivers

LED drivers are electronic devices that power light-emitting diode (LED) modules by regulating electrical current and/or voltage. Unlike light bulbs or power supplies that simply deliver energy, LED drivers control the current delivered to LEDs, which determines brightness, color, and lifespan. They typically convert AC mains input to a suitable DC output and include protections and control features to ensure reliable operation.

Most LED systems rely on constant current (CC) drivers, which maintain a specified current across a range of output voltages. Some configurations use constant voltage (CV) drivers that provide a stable DC voltage with LEDs arranged in series that regulate their own current. Universal drivers may support multiple configurations or switch between CC and CV modes to accommodate different LED modules.

Architectures include linear CC drivers and switching CC drivers. Linear drivers regulate current by dropping voltage across a linear element, while switching drivers use high-efficiency buck, boost, or buck-boost converters and often incorporate power factor correction (PFC). Switching designs are typically more efficient and compact at higher powers.

Dimming and control are common features. Many drivers support dimming interfaces such as 0-10V, PWM, or phase-cut dimming. Some drivers are equipped with sensors or network connectivity for smart lighting systems and remote management.

Protection and safety features are standard, including short-circuit protection, overcurrent and overvoltage protection, thermal protection, and sometimes open-circuit protection. Isolation between input and output is common for safety, and compliance with EMI/EMC standards is expected in most markets.

Applications span indoor and outdoor lighting, signage, and automotive lighting. Relevant standards include IEC 61347, UL, CE, RoHS, and efficiency/power-factor guidelines established by DOE or ENERGY STAR where applicable. Reliability and life depend on design quality, component choice, and thermal management.