Kumulacja

Kumulacja is a Polish term denoting the act or process of accumulating objects, effects, or data. It is used across disciplines to describe gradual buildup over time or the bringing together of separate items into a larger whole. The word derives from Latin cumulus, meaning a heap, and entered Polish through standard word formation with the verb kumulować.

In law, kumulacja refers to the joinder or consolidation of proceedings or claims. Kumulacja procesowa allows separate civil or criminal cases to be heard together when they involve common questions of law or fact. Kumulacja przestępstw describes situations where several offences are treated as a single prosecution. Jurisdictional rules govern when and how such kumulacja can be ordered, aiming to improve efficiency and coherence while protecting the rights of those involved.

In statistics and data analysis, kumulacja describes the accumulation of observations or results over time, yielding metrics such as cumulative frequencies, cumulative distributions, or running totals. It is used to describe growth, risk, or exposure that accumulates in a progressive manner.

In rhetoric and stylistics, kumulacja is a figure of speech involving the piling up of related terms, ideas, or images to intensify emphasis or convey breadth and momentum. As an expressive device, it often presents a sequence of elements that reinforces a central message.