Kserofity

Kserofity, or xerophytism, is the collection of morphological, physiological, and phenological traits that enable plants to survive in environments with limited water. Xerophytic plants, or kserofytes, occur in deserts, semi-arid steppes, and Mediterranean climates, as well as high-altitude or saline habitats where rainfall is infrequent or irregular.

Key adaptations include leaf modification (reduced area, thickened cuticle), deciduousness, succulence in stems or leaves, and defenses such as waxy coatings and trichomes to minimize water loss. Plants may have sunken stomata, high stomatal control, and anatomical traits like reinforced tissues. Physiological strategies include drought-tolerant metabolism, notably CAM or C4 photosynthesis in some lineages, and various root architectures to access scarce moisture.

Xerophytic forms span cacti and other succulents, drought-deciduous shrubs with sclerophyllous leaves, and grasses with deep or extensive rooting. They occupy deserts, semi-arid steppes, Mediterranean scrub, and alpine dry sites. Xerophytism is a specialized life-history strategy that reduces growth in moist years but allows persistence through prolonged dry spells.

In horticulture, xerophytes are valued for drought resistance and use in low-water landscaping (xeriscaping). They also play ecological roles in arid ecosystems, such as stabilizing soil, contributing to nutrient cycles, and providing refuge for wildlife.